Competing to Protect: Repatriation and Legal Protection of Syrians in Istanbul under Allied Occupation (1918–1923)

Abstract This article examines interstate competitions over “Syrians” whose legal status as Ottoman subjects was not yet terminated by a peace treaty at the end of World War I. Focusing mainly on occupied Istanbul, it traces French efforts to protect or bring Syrians back home “Syria.” Given that Syria still in making, stakes here were high and determined postwar reconfigurations connected Istanbul Beirut. I argue competition Istanbul—especially wealthier those with military experience—proved critical construction new diplomatic significance accorded categories “Syria” “Syrian” early 20th century. In addition offering insights into dismantling Empire, historicizes projections imperial influence after sheds light foundations mandate rule Lebanon.